Antiglycation and antioxidant activities of the crude extract and saponin fraction of Tribulus terrestris before and after microcapsule release / 中西医结合学报

OBJECTIVE@#The present study investigated antiglycation and antioxidant activities of crude dry extract and saponin fraction of Tribulus terrestris. It also developed a method of microencapsulation and evaluated antiglycation and antioxidant activities of crude dry extract and saponin fraction before and after microcapsule release.@*METHODS@#Antiglycation activity was determined by relative electrophoretic mobility (REM), free amino groups and inhibition of advanced glycation end-product (AGE) formation. Antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), nitric oxide (NO) and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) tests. Microcapsules were prepared using maltodextrin as wall material and freeze-drying as encapsulation technique. Morphological characterization of microcapsules was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, and encapsulation efficiency and microcapsule release were determined by total saponins released. Antiglycation and antioxidant assays were performed using crude dry extract and saponin fraction of T. terrestris before and after release.@*RESULTS@#Saponin fraction showed an increase of 32.8% total saponins. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed the presence of saponins in the obtained fraction. Antiglycation evaluation by REM demonstrated that samples before and after release presented antiglycation activity similar to bovine serum albumin treated with aminoguanidine. Additionally, samples inhibited AGE formation, highlighting treatment with saponin fraction after release (89.89%). Antioxidant tests demonstrated antioxidant activity of the samples. Crude dry extract before encapsulation presented the highest activities in DPPH (92.00%) and TBARS (32.49%) assays. Saponin fraction before encapsulation in FRAP test (499 μmol Trolox equivalent per gram of dry sample) and NO test (15.13 μmol nitrite formed per gram of extract) presented the highest activities.@*CONCLUSION@#This study presented antiglycation activity of crude dry extract and saponin fraction of T. terrestris, besides it demonstrated promising antioxidant properties. It also showed that the encapsulation method was efficient and maintained biological activity of bioactive compounds after microcapsule release. These results provide information for further studies on antidiabetic and antiaging potential, and data for new herbal medicine and food supplement formulations containing microcapsules with crude extract and/or saponin fraction of T. terrestris.

Hepatotoxicity-induced by the therapeutic dose of acetaminophen and the ameliorative effect of oral co-administration of selenium/Tribulus terrestris extract in rats / Hepatotoxicidad inducida por la dosis terapéutica de acetaminofén y el efecto de mejora de la administración conjunta de extracto de selenio Tribulus terrestris en ratas

SUMMARY: Over dose or long-term clinical use of therapeutic doses of acetaminophen (APAP) causes hepatotoxicity. Various strategies attempted to ameliorate APAP-hepatotoxicity have been found to be unsuitable for clinical practice. This study was aimed to illustrate the histopathological changes induced by therapeutic dose of APAP and investigate the hepatoprotective role of oral co-administration of selenium/ Tribulus terrestris (TT) extract concurrently against hepatotoxicity induced by APAP in rats. Fifty-four healthy male albino Wistar rats were randomized into nine groups (G1-G9) of six rats each, and administered with APAP and TT orally for 30 days as follows: Control (2ml normal saline), APAP (470 mg/kg), APAP (470 mg/kg) + selenium (2 mg/kg), APAP (470 mg/kg) + TT (98 mg/kg), APAP (470 mg/kg) + selenium (2mg/kg) + TT (98 mg/kg), APAP (470 mg/kg) + silymarin (200 mg/kg), selenium (2 mg/ kg), TT (98 mg/kg) and silymarin (200 mg/kg) groups. The results demonstrated that exposure of rats to therapeutic dose of APAP for 30 days caused significant histopathological changes parallel to elevated blood chemistry parameters. Co-administration of selenium/TT extract showed significantly reduced histopathological lesions and, restored or decreased levels of the examined blood chemistry parameters. Liver histology in selenium/TT extract showed normal hepatic architecture with mild changes and silymarin treated rats showed no histopathological changes. Histochemically PAS staining, showed that APAP-induced hepatotoxicity was characterized by hepatocytes glycogen depletion. Selenium/TT co-supplementation plays a potential role in preventing APAP-induced glycogen depletion by increasing detoxification and scavenging the reactive metabolites. Selenium/TT extract oral co-administration possesses a significant hepatoprotective property and mitigates APAP-induced hepatotoxicity by enhancing its antioxidant role and improving tissue integrity. Selenium/TT supplementation could represent an effective treatment against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. Further studies are needed to elucidate the exact mechanism underlying the protective role of TT extract.

RESUMEN: La dosis excesiva o el uso clínico a largo plazo de dosis terapéuticas de acetaminofeno (APAP) causa hepatotoxicidad. Se ha descubierto que varias estrategias que intentaron mejorar la hepatotoxicidad por APAP no son adecuadas para la práctica clínica. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo ilustrar los cambios histopatológicos inducidos por la dosis terapéutica de APAP e investigar el papel hepatoprotector de la administración conjunta de extracto de selenio / Tribulus terrestris (TT) simultá- neamente contra la hepatotoxicidad inducida por APAP en ratas. Cincuenta y cuatro ratas Wistar albino machos sanas se aleatorizaron en nueve grupos (G1 - G9) de seis ratas cada una, y se administraron con APAP y TT por vía oral durante 30 días de la siguiente manera: Control (2 ml de solución salina normal), APAP (470 mg / kg), APAP (470 mg / kg) + selenio (2 mg / kg), APAP (470 mg / kg) + TT (98 mg / kg), APAP (470 mg / kg) + selenio (2 mg / kg) + TT (98 mg / kg), APAP (470 mg / kg) + silimarina (200 mg / kg), selenio (2 mg / kg), TT (98 mg / kg) y silimarina (200 mg / kg). Los resultados demostraron que la exposición de las ratas a la dosis terapéutica de APAP durante 30 días causó cambios histopatológicos significativos paralelos a parámetros elevados de química sanguínea. La administración conjunta de extracto de selenio / TT mostró lesiones histopatológicas significativamente reducidas y niveles restaurados o disminuidos de los parámetros de química sanguínea. La histología hepática en el extracto de selenio / TT mostró una arquitectura hepática normal con cambios leves y las ratas tratadas con silimarina no mostraron cambios histopatológicos. La tinción histoquímica de PAS mostró que la hepatotoxicidad inducida por APAP se caracterizó por la pérdida de glucógeno de los hepatocitos. La suplementación con selenio / TT juega un papel potencial en la prevención de la pérdida de glucógeno inducido por APAP al aumentar la desintoxicación y eliminar los metabolitos reactivos. La administración conjunta de extracto de selenio / TT posee una propiedad hepatoprotectora significativa y mitiga la hepatotoxicidad inducida por APAP al mejorar su papel antioxidante y la integridad del tejido. La suplementación con selenio / TT podría representar un tratamiento efectivo contra la hepatotoxicidad inducida por APAP. Se necesitan más estudios para dilucidar el mecanismo exacto que subyace a la función protectora del extracto TT.

GCMS Analysis Of Endophytic Fungi Curvularia Aeria Mtcc-12847 Isolated From Tribulus Terrestris L.

Objective: The objective of the present investigation was to perform the Gas Chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of endophytic fungi Curvularia aeria MTCC-12847 isolated from Tribulus terrestris L. to find out the active compound present in the extract. Methods: The endophytic fungi were isolated from the plant Tribulus Terrestris L., leaf which was cultivated in optimized media for the production of secondary metabolites and was extracted using ethyl acetate. Ethyl acetate extract was used for the Gas Chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis. Results: GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungi revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites, the highest amount present was Palmitic acid (24.54%) and Lowest was Dimethyl 1-phenyl-7-methyl-1-hydroxy-1,4-dihydronaphthalene-2,3-dicarboxylate (5.76%). Conclusion: The endophytic fungal Curvularia aeria MTCC-12847 extract isolated from the Tribulus terrestris L. shows the presence of various bioactive compounds.

Análise histológica do fêmur de camundongos suíços fêmeas ovariectomizadas e não ovariectomizadas suplementadas com extrato de Tribulus terrestris L / Histological analysis of the fem of female swiss mice ovariectomized and not ovariectomized supplements with extract of Tribulus terrestris L

Introdução: a incapacidade de gerar filhos é chamada de infertilidade, e acomete grande parte da população, principalmente mulheres entrando no período da menopausa. Tal condição afeta a qualidade de vida, pois aumenta o desgaste ósseo, fazendo com que a busca por tratamentos de reposição hormonal aumente exponencialmente. Entretanto, tais tratamentos possuem efeitos colaterais, o que apresenta plantas medicinais como tratamentos alternativos. Objetivo: avaliar a histologia do fêmur de camundongos suíços fêmeas ovariectomizadas e não ovariectomizadas tratadas ou não com Tribulus terrestris L. (TT) Métodos: Foram utilizados 28 camundongos suíços fêmeas divididos em 4 grupos, sendo dois controles com e sem suplementação e dois que sofreram o processo de ovariectomia bilateral, com e sem suplementação. O extrato da planta foi administrado por 21 dias por gavagem. Ao final do tratamento, os animais foram eutanasiados e o fêmur coletado para análise histológica. Resultados: o TT não foi capaz de alterar significativamente o diâmetro do osso. A castração, como esperado, mostrou possível osteopenia. A planta pode ter efeito protetor aos ossos devido a efeito antiartrítico. Conclusão: na análise histológica descritiva do fêmur, foram evidenciadas alterações que se associam à osteopenia nos animais castrados e efeito ósseo-protetor nos animais suplementados com o extrato dos frutos do Tribulus terrestris L.

Introduction: inability to generate children is called infertility and affects a large part of the population, especially women entering the menopausal period. Such a condition affects the quality of life, including the use of the bone system, causing the search for hormone replacement services exponentially. However, such treatments shave light collectors, such as medicinal plants as alternative treatments. Objective: to evaluate the histology of the treatment of pairs of ovariectomized and non-ovariectomized women treated with or without Tribulus terrestris L. (TT). Methods: twenty-eight Swiss mice were divided into four groups, two controls with and without supplementation, and two with bilateral ovariectomy, with and without supplementation. The plant extract was administered for 21 days by way of gavage. After the evaluation, the animals were eutanasiated and their femur was collected for histological analysis. Results: the TT was not able to change the diameter of the bone. Castration, as expected, allowed for osteopenia. The plant may have a protective effect on bones because of an anti-arthritic effect. Conclusion: in the descriptive histological analysis of phosphorus, there were evidences alterations that associate the osteopenia in the animals and the bony-protective effects in the animals supplemented with the extract of the fruits of Tribulus terrestris L.

Valiação do efeito do extrato de Tribulus Terrestris l. Na ocorrência do ciclo estral de camundongos suíços fêmeas ovariectomizadas e não ovariectomizadas / Evaluation of the extract effect of Tribulus terrestris L. on the occurrence of the estral cycle of ovariectomized and not ovariectomized female swiss mice

Introdução: a infertilidade ou incapacidade de gerar filhos é um problema que acomete parte da população. Seu tratamento geralmente é feito pela reposição hormonal, no entanto, terapias alternativas com o uso de plantas medicinais vêm sendo adotadas. Objetivo: diante do exposto, o presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito do extrato do Tribulus terrestris L. na ocorrência do ciclo estral em camundongos fêmea ovariectomizadas e não ovariectomizadas. Métodos: foram utilizados 28 camundongos suíços fêmeas e adultas, divididas em quatro grupos de 7 animais: grupo sem ovariectomia e sem suplementação ou controle, grupo com ovariectomia e sem suplementação, simulando a infertilidade, grupo tratado com Tribulus terrestris (10mg/kg) com ovariectomia e grupo tratado com Tribulus terrestris L. (10mg/kg) sem ovariectomia. Os extratos foram administrados por gavagem durante 21 dias. O ciclo estral foi analisado ao longo deste mesmo período. Resultados: notou-se aumento significativo na fase proestro do ciclo estral no grupo ovariectomizado e suplementado quando comparado ao grupo ovariectomizado e sem suplementação. Conclusão: o aumento significativo na ocorrência do proestro corresponde a um período do ciclo estral relacionado à ocorrência da ovulação.

Introduction: infertility or inability to generate children is a problem that affects part of the population. Its treatment is usually done by hormone replacement, however, alternative therapies with the use of medicinal plants have been adopted. Objective: in view of the above, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Tribulus terrestris L. extract on the occurrence of the estrous cycle in ovariectomized and non ovariectomized mice. Methods: twentyeight female and adult Swiss mice were divided into four groups of 7 animals: group without ovariectomy and without supplementation or control, group with ovariectomy and no supplementation simulating infertility, group treated with Tribulus terrestris L. (10mg / kg) with ovariectomy and group treated with Tribulus terrestris L. (10mg / kg) without ovariectomy. The extracts were administered by way of gavage for 21 days. The estrous cycle was analyzed over this same time. Results: there was a significant increase in the proestrus phase of the estrous cycle in the ovariectomized group and supplemented when compared to the ovariectomized group and without supplementation. Conclusion: the significant increase in the occurrence of proestrus corresponds to a period of the estrous cycle related to the occurrence of ovulation.

Variação ponderal e dosagem de testosterona, progesterona e estradiol de camundongos suíços fêmeas ovariectomizadas e não ovariectomizadas suplementadas com extrato de Tribulus terrestris L / Variation of weight and dosage of testosterone, progesterone and estradiol of ovariectomized and not ovariectomized female swiss mice Supplements with extract of Tribulus terrestris L

Introdução: A infertilidade é definida como incapacidade de gerar filhos e acomete significativa parte da população. Por afetar a qualidade de vida da paciente, a mesma geralmente busca tratamentos que, em suma, são a base de reposição hormonal, que possui diversos efeitos colaterais, abrindo assim uma porta para o estudo de tratamentos alternativos, como o caso das plantas medicinais. Objetivo: Dosar testosterona, progesterona e estradiol em camundongos, assim como sua variação ponderal mediante a suplementação com Tribulus terrestris L. Métodos: Foram utilizados 28 camundongos suíços fêmeas divididas em 4 grupos, sendo dois controles com e sem suplementação e dois que sofreram o processo de ovariectomia bilateral, com e sem suplementação. O extrato da planta foi administrado por 21 dias por gavagem. Os animais foram pesados semanalmente e após os 21 dias foram eutanasiados, e tiveram o sague coletado para as dosagens hormonais. Resultados: Ocorreu queda significativa de testosterona nos grupos suplementados com a planta e nos grupos ovariectomizados em relação ao grupo controle. Em relação ao estradiol, não houve alterações significativas entre os grupos, enquanto a progesterona reduziu significativamente nos grupos castrados com e sem suplementação. Quanto à variação ponderal, ao comparar os grupos ovariectomizados e não ovariectomizados, notou-se aumento significativo do peso. Conclusão: A castração promoveu o aumento de peso nos animais. A mesma medida associada à suplementação reduziu a testosterona e a progesterona sérica, e não alterou os níveis de estradiol nos animais.

Introduction: Infertility is defined as the inability to generate children, and affects a significant part of the population. Because it affects the quality of life of the patient, they usually seeks treatments that, in short, are based on hormonal replacement, which has several side effects, opening, thus, a door for the study of alternative treatments, such as the case of medicinal plants. Objective: To measure testosterone, progesterone and estradiol in mice, as well as their weight variation by means of supplementation with Tribulus terrestris L. Methods: Twenty-eight female Swiss mice were divided into four groups, two controls with and without supplementation and two that underwent the process of bilateral ovariectomy, with and without supplementation. The plant extract was administered for 21 days by gavage. The animals were weighed weekly and, after 21 days, were euthanized and the sage was collected for the hormonal dosages. Results: There was a significant fall in testosterone in the groups supplemented with the plant and in the ovariectomized groups in relation to the control group. There were no significant changes in estradiol between groups, whereas progesterone significantly decreased in the castrated groups with and without supplementation. Regarding the weight variation when comparing the ovariectomized and non-ovariectomized groups, a significant increase in weight was observed. Conclusion: Castration promoted weight gain in animals. The same associated with supplementation reduced testosterone and serum progesterone and did not alter estradiol levels in the animals.

Control effect and mechanism of Tribulus terrestris in kidney calcium oxalate stone in rats / 国际外科学杂志

Objective To evaluate the effect and mechanism of tribulus terrestris in kidney calcium oxalate stone in rats.Methods Sisty healthy male Wistar rats were divided into control group,model group,low-dose prevention group,high-dose prevention group,low-dose treatment group,high-dose treatment group by random number table method,each group of 10 rats.The control group was had free access to water,the model group was given 1％ ethylene glycol had free access to water,and the low-dose prevention group was given 1％ ethylene glycol had free access to water while was added in Tribulus terrestris extract 250 mg/(kg · d) treated by gavage,the high-dose prevention group was given 1％ ethylene glycol had free access to water while was added in Tribulus terrestris extract 500 mg/(kg · d) treated by gavage.The low-dose treatment group received 1％ ethylene glycol had free access to water while was added in tribulus terrestris extract 250 mg/(kg · d) treated by gavage on the 15th day.The high-dose treatment group received 1％ ethylene glycol had free access to water while was added in tribulus terrestris extract 500 mg/(kg · d) treated by gavage on the 15th day.At the end of the experiment on the 28th day,the body weight,blood urea nitrogen,creatinine,P,Ca2+,Mg2+ content,24 h urine volume,24 h urine Ca2+,Mg2 +,P,oxalic acid secretion,renal tissue homogenate detection of superoxide dismutase (SOD),glutathione peroxidase (GPX),malondialdehyde content of each group were detected.The crystal deposition and pathological changes of calcium oxalate were observed under the microscope.Measurement data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (Mean ± SD),multiple comparisons between groups were performed using LSD-t test,and comparison between groups was performed by one-way anova analysis of variance.Results Compared with the control group,the rats in the model group had blood urea nitrogen (28.93 ±3.37) mmol/L,creatinine (162.31 ± 34.08) μmol/L,24 h uric acid (132.67 ± 27.96) μmol,Ca2+ (18.24 ± 1.94) μmol/24 h,the content of malondialdehyde (191.04 ± 20.56) nmol/mgprot in kidney homogenate was significantly increased,blood Ca2+ (2.01 ±0.28) mmol/L,renal GPX (479.82 ± 136.97) μmol/gprot,SOD(1.54 ±0.21) U/mgprot decreased significantly,these differences were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Renal histopathology showed low-dose and high-dose prevention and treatment groups kidney calcium oxalate crystals and kidney damage were less than the model group.Conclusion The extract of Tribulus terrestris has a beneficial effect against calcium oxalate urinary stone formation induced by ethylene glycol.

Protective effects of Tribulus terrestris hydroalcoholic extract against cisplatin-induced germ cell apoptosis in male mice / Efectos protectores del extracto hidroalcohólico Tribulus terrestris contra la apoptosis de células germinales inducida por cisplatino en ratones machos

SUMMARY: Toxic effects of anti-cancer and other drugs on the normal tissues could be reduced by the herbal plants and their fractions. This study investigated the protective effect of Tribulus terrestris (TT) on Cisplatin- induced cytotoxicity germ cell apoptosis in male mice. In this experimental study, thirty male Balb/c mice were divided randomly into 5 groups (n=6). A single dose of Cisplatin (5.5 mg/kg) and differ-ent concentrations of Tribulus terrestris were administrated for 14 consecutive days. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of apoptosis-re-lated genes was performed with RNA extracted from testes of the mice. Statistical analysis was done using one-way ANOVA. In the Cisplatin group, there was a significant increase in mRNA expression of p53 (P=0.008), bax (P=0.004) and the ratio of bax/Bcl-2 (P=0.000), whereas there was an decrease in the expression of Bcl-2 (P=0.003), as compared to control group. In Cis+TT groups, the data showed that different concentrations of TT could improve the harmful effects caused by the Cisplatin. The best protective effects were achieved in Cis+TT (300 mg/kg). Tribulus terrestris protects testicular germ cell against Cisplatin induced apoptosis by affecting related genes regulation.

RESUMEN: Los efectos tóxicos en los tejidos normales, de los medicamentos contra el cáncer al igual que otras medicamentos podrían mejorar con el uso de plantas medicinales y hierbas. Este estudio investigó el efecto protector de Tribulus terrestris (TT) sobre la apoptosis de células germinales por citotoxicidad inducida por cisplatino en ratones machos. En este estudio se dividieron treinta ratones Balb/c macho aleatoriamente en 5 grupos (n = 6). Se administró una sola dosis de cisplatino (5,5 mg / kg) y diferentes concentraciones de Tribulus terrestris durante 14 días consecutivos. La reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de transcripción reversa de los genes relacionados con la apoptosis, se realizó con ARN extraído de los testículos de los ratones. El análisis estadístico se realizó usando ANOVA de una vía. En el grupo cisplatino, hubo un aumento significativo en la expresión de mRNA de p53 (P = 0,008), bax (P = 0,004) y la relación de bax / Bcl-2 (P = 0.000), mientras que hubo una disminución en la expresión de Bcl-2 (P = 0,003), en comparación con el grupo control. En los grupos Cis + TT, los datos mostraron que las diferentes concentraciones de TT podrían mejorar los efectos nocivos causados por el cisplatino. Los mejores efectos protectores se lograron en Cis + TT (300 mg / kg). Tribulus terrestris protege las células germinales testiculares contra la apoptosis inducida por cisplatino al afectar la regulación de los genes relacionados.

Estudo histológico dos testículos de camundongos suiços machos suplementados com propionato de testosterona e Tribulus terrestris L / Histological study of testicles of mice swiss males supplements with testosterone propionate and Tribulus terrestris L

Introdução: o declínio sérico de testosterona decorrente da idade afeta a qualidade de vida do homem, que busca meios para tratamento que não possuam tantos efeitos adversos como a testosterona sintética, como o extrato da planta Tribulus terrestris L. (TT). Objetivo: estudar a histologia dos testículos de camundongos suíços suplementados com propionato de testosterona e extrato de TT. Métodos: o procedimento utilizou 30 camundongos suíços machos divididos em 3 grupos, onde o grupo controle recebeu veículo aquoso durante o experimento. O grupo testosterona recebeu 20mg/kg do fármaco e o grupo TT recebeu 10 mg/kg do extrato das flores da planta. Resultados e Discussão: a região ependidimária foi visualizada com características de normalidade, mostrando epitélio pseudo-estratificado ciliado, intercalado por tecido muscular liso. Nos grupos controle e testosterona foi evidenciado a presença de espermatozoides no centro dos ductos. O alto incremento de testosterona sérica causado pela suplementação com o TT possivelmente leva a um mecanismo de feedback negativo no eixo hipotálamo-hipófise, fazendo com que o mesmo não secrete os hormônios necessários para a síntese de testosterona endógena e sequente produção espermática. Conclusão: o uso de TT pode causar azoospermia.

Introduction: age-related serum testosterone decline affects man's quality of life, which seeks treatment means that do not have as many adverse effects as synthetic testosterone, such as Tribulus terrestris L. (TT) extract. Objective: to study the histology of the testes of Swiss mice supplemented with testosterone propionate and TT extract. Methods: the procedure used 30 male Swiss mice divided into 3 groups, where the control group received an aqueous vehicle during the experiment. The testosterone group received 20 mg / kg of the drug and the TT group received 10 mg / kg of the plant extract. Results and Discussion: the ependidimary region was visualized with characteristics of normality, showing ciliated pseudo-stratified epithelium, interspersed by smooth muscle tissue. In the control and testosterone groups the presence of spermatozoa was evidenced in the center of the ducts. The high increase of serum testosterone caused by supplementation with TT possibly leads to a negative feedback mechanism in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, causing it not to secrete the hormones necessary for the synthesis of endogenous testosterone and subsequent sperm production. Conclusion: the use of TT may cause azoospermia.

Avaliação histológica dos rins de camundongos suiços machos suplementados com propionato de testosterona e Tribulus terrestris L / Histological evaluation of kidneys from male swiss mice supplemented with testosterone propionate and Tribulus terrestris L

Introdução: a redução dos hormônios sexuais está associada à condição como a depressão e, nesse cenário, busca-se cada vez mais por tratamentos de suplementação com testosterona sintética, que possui muitos efeitos colaterais. O Tribulus terrestris L. (TT) é uma planta que supostamente possui compostos químicos similares ou análogos a testosterona. Objetivo: analisar a histologia dos rins de camundongos suíços machos suplementados com TT e propionato de testosterona (PT) Métodos: o procedimento utilizou 30 camundongos suíços machos divididos em 3 grupos, em que o grupo controle recebeu um veículo aquoso durante o experimento. O grupo testosterona recebeu 20mg/kg do fármaco PT e o grupo Tribulus recebeu 10 mg/kg do extrato das flores da planta TT. Após eutanásia, os rins foram retirados e emblocados em parafina para confecção das lâminas. Resultados e Discussão: em comparação ao grupo controle não foram evidenciadas diferenças histológicas. Conclusão: este estudo corrobora com o de Ghanbari (2016), que apresenta um suposto efeito antioxidante nos rins, não causando dano ao mesmo, e sim redução de disfunções renais, danos tubulares, apoptose e estresse oxidativo devido á flavonoides (substâncias encontradas na composição química da planta).

Introduction: the reduction of sex hormones is associated with condition such as depression and, in this scenario, it is increasingly sought for treatments of synthetic testosterone supplementation, which has many side effects. Tribulus terrestris L. (TT) is a plant that supposedly has chemical compounds similar to or analogous to testosterone. Objective: to analyze the histology of the kidneys of male Swiss mice supplemented with TT and testosterone propionate (PT) Methods: the procedure used 30 male Swiss mice divided into 3 groups, where the control group received an aqueous vehicle during the experiment. The testosterone group received 20 mg / kg of the drug PT and the Tribulus group received 10 mg / kg of the extract of the flowers of the TT plant. After euthanasia the kidneys were removed and placed in paraffin for the preparation of the slides. Results and Discussion: in comparison to the control group, no histological differences were found. Conclusion: this study corroborates that of Ghanbari (2016) which presents a supposed antioxidant effect in the kidneys, not causing damage to it, but reduction of renal dysfunctions, tubular damage, apoptosis and oxidative stress due to flavonoids (substances found in the composition chemistry of the plant).

Estudo do efeito da castração, suplementação com propionato de testosterona e tribulus terrestris L No fígado de camundongos suíços machos / Study of effect of castration, supplementation with testosterone propionate and Tribulus Terrestris L. in males swiss mice liver

Introdução: o declínio hormonal associa-se à depressão. O uso de testosterona sintética aumentou significativamente, buscando minimizar os sintomas desse quadro. O Tribulus terrestris L. (TT) é uma planta que supostamente possui componentes análogos à testosterona. Objetivo: analisar a histologia do fígado de animais normais e com declínio reprodutivo, suplementados com propionato de testosterona e TT. Métodos: foram utilizados 40 camundongos suíços machos divididos em quatro grupos, sendo um castrado. Os grupos controle e castrado receberam o veículo aquoso, no qual as drogas dos demais grupos foram diluídas. O grupo TT recebeu extrato das flores da planta na dosagem de 10 mg/kg e o grupo testosterona recebeu propionato de testosterona na dosagem de 20 mg/kg. Todas as administrações foram via gavagem durante 30 dias. Os animais foram eutanasiados e o fígado coletado para confecção de lâminas. Resultados e Discussão: não foram encontrados parâmetros discrepantes do grupo controle em nenhuma lâmina de estudo, entretanto, o exercício físico adotado no teste concomitante de comportamento pode ter relação com os resultados. Conclusão: o exercício físico aeróbio tem a capacidade de restaurar e modular enzimas hepáticas, aumentando a glicogenólise e a gliconeogênese, diminuindo esteatose hepática e estresse oxidativo, causando efeito hepatoprotetor, aumentando mitoses e capilares sinusóides, que melhoram a irrigação e favorecem a regeneração hepática.

Introduction: hormonal decline is associated with depression. The use of synthetic testosterone increased significantly to minimize the symptoms of this condition. Tribulus terrestris L. (TT) is a plant that supposedly has components analogous to testosterone. Objective: analyze liver histology of normal and reproductive decline animals supplemented with testosterone propionate and TT. Methods: forty male Swiss mice were divided into four groups, one castrated. The control and castrated groups received the aqueous vehicle in which the drugs from the other groups were diluted. The TT group received extract of the flowers of the plant at a dose of 10 mg / kg and the testosterone group received testosterone propionate at the dosage of 20 mg / kg. All administrations were by gavage for 30 days. The animals were euthanized and the liver was collected for the preparation of slides. Results and Discussion: there were no discrepant parameters of the control group found in any study slide, however, the physical exercise adopted in the concomitant behavior test may be related to the results. Conclusion: aerobic physical exercise has the capacity to restore and modulate liver enzymes, increasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, decreasing hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress, causing hepatoprotective effect, increasing mitoses and sinusoid capillaries, which improve irrigation and favor liver regeneration.

Tribulus terrestris L protects the photoreceptors against light-induced degeneration in part through suppression of retinal inflammation and oxidative stress / 眼科新进展

Objective To investigate the protective effects of tribulus terrestris L (TTL) against light-induced photoreceptor degeneration and its underlying mechanisms.Methods BALB/c mice were randomly divided into normal control group,light exposure group and TTL administration group,with 12 mice in each group,and then exposed to light at the intensity of 10,000 lux for 30 min for the establishment of a retinal damage model of BALB/C mice.And 100 μL TTL decoction was intraperitoneally administered into mice of TTL administration group 30 min prior to illumination.Saline vehicle was administrated into the mice of normal control group and light exposure group.Next,intraperitoneal injection of dihydroethidium (DHE) was performed 22 h after illumination,and the eyes were enucleated 2 h later and subjected to cryosectioning for microscopic detection of the in situ retinal oxidative stress.Then,retinas were dissected 6 and 24 h after illumination,which was followed by total RNA extraction,reverse transcription and RT-PCR to assess the expression level of proinflammatory cytokines.Meanwhile,the expression levels of interleukin-β (IL-1 β),chemokine (Ccl2),cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2),tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α),cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) mRNA were determined.Results Prominent oxidative stress was observed in retinal pigment epithelial cells and photoreceptor cells in the light exposure group when compared with the normal control group and TTL administration group,with significant difference (both P ＜ 0.001).Moreover,results of RT-PCR revealed that the expression of IL-1β,Ccl2,COX-2,TNF-α,ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 mRNA was significantly elevated as a result of light exposure compared to those from vehicle-treated normal controls with a significant difference (all P ＜ 0.01).TTL treatment resulted in significantly decreased expression of IL-1β,Ccl2,COX-2,TNF-α,ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 mRNA compared to those from light-exposed vehicle-treated controls with significant differences (all P ＜0.01).Conclusion In the retinal degeneration model,TTL protects the photoreceptor cells against fight-induced degeneration in part through suppressing light-induced retinal oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.

Study on the Lipid-lowering Effect and Potential Mechanism of the Couplet Medicines of Flastem Milkvetch Seed and Tribulus Terrestris on Hyperlipidemia Rats / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

Objective: To explore the lipid-lowering effect and potential mechanism of the couplet medicines of Flastem Milkvetch Seed and Tribulus terrestris on hyperlipidemia rats. Methods: Forty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 6 groups, normal control group, high-fat model group, simvastatin group, Tribulus terrestris group, Flastem Milkvetch Seed group, and couplet medicines of Flastem Milkvetch Seed and Tribulus terrestris group, with 8 rats in each group. The normal control group was fed with basal diet, and the other groups were fed with high-fat diet to establish a hyperlipidemia rat model. At the same time, different group rats were treated with different drug respectively. 6 weeks later, the body weight and visceral index of the rats were measured. Levels of serum cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were detected by automatic biochemical analyzer. The mRNA and protein expression of HMG coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxy-lase (CYP7A1) and low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) were detected by RT-PCR and western blot. Results: Compared with model group, the serum levels of TC, TG, and LDL-C were significantly decreased in all Chinese medicine groups, and the serum level of HDL-C was significantly increased in Flastem Milkvetch Seed group and couplet medicines of Flastem Milkvetch Seed and Tribulus terrestris group. Moreover, the mRNA and protein expression of HMGCR, CYP7A1, and LDL-R in rat liver also significantly increased in all Chinese medicine treatment groups. And couplet medicines of Flastem Milkvetch Seed and Tribulus terrestris group shows more significantly effect. Conclusion: Couplet medicines of Flastem Milkvetch Seed and Tribulus terrestris significantly regulate the serum lipid levels on hyperlipidemia rat model, and its mechanism may be related to the regulating expressions of HMGCR, CYP7A1, LDL-R gene.

Anti-coccidial activity of the ethanol extract of Tribulus terrestris fruits on Eimeria tenella / 한국실험동물학회지

Anti-coccidial effects of the fruits of Tribulus terrestris (Tribuli fructus) ethanol extract (TTE) were studied with animal experiment following per oral administration with Eimeria (E.) tenella. This experiment was performed on the 3-day-old chicks (n=30). The animals were divided with 3 groups; TFE 15mg per animal+infected (n=10), TTE untreated+infected (n=10) and non-infected control (n=10). Animals were administrated with or without TTE during 1 week, and then inoculated with E. tenella. The anti-coccidial activity were evaluated with oocysts shedding numbers in stools, body weights changes and food intake changes. The TTE-inoclated animals revealed significantly decreased stool oocysts numbers (P < 0.05) when compared to the TTE untreated animals. Also, TTE-treated animals showed more increased body weight gains (P < 0.05) than the TTE untreated animals. These results demonstrate that TTE produce anticoccidial activities against E. tenella. TTE could be a promising treatment for the coccidiosis.

Pharmacological study on the nephroprotective effects of Tribulus terrestris L / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

Introduction@#Tribulus terrestris L. (TTL) is an annual plant of the family Zygophyllaceae that has been used for many diseases including urinary tract diseases. The fruits and roots of TTL have been used as a folk medicine for thousands of years in Mongolia, China, Iraq, India, Sudan and Pakistan. Numerous bioactive phytochemicals, such as saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids and glycosides, have been isolated and identified from TTL that are responsible alone or in combination for various pharmacological activities. However, to date, the nephroprotective effects of TTL on cisplatin-induced animal models have not been investigated.@*Purpose@#The present work aimed to investigate the protective effects of different doses of Tribulus terrestris L. (TTL) against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice.@*Materials and methods@#The renal injury was modeled by intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin for 5 consecutive days (5 mg/kg). Nephroprotection of TTL was investigated by oral administration of different doses of TTL aqueous extract at a daily dose of 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg for 14 consecutive days, starting 7 days prior to cisplatin administration.@*Results@#We demonstrated that pretreatment with different doses of TTL aqueous extract significantly reduced blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Cr) levels and histophatological changes observed in cisplatin-administrated mice.@*Conclusion@#These data suggested that TTL might be a potential candidate for neoadjuvant chemotherapy of cisplatin. The dose of TTL 40 mg/kg was the most effective.

Hepatoprotective effects of Tibulus terrestris hydro-alcholic extract on non-alcoholic fatty liver- induced rats / Efectos hepatoprotectores del extracto hidro-alcohólico de Tribulus terrestris en ratas con inducción de hígados grasos no alcólicos

Non-alcoholic fatty liver induces many complications to the liver tissue and also serum related parameters. Medicinal plants are the safe therapeutic strategy for the treatment of diseases. In this regards, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Tribulus terrestris (T. terrestris) extract on non-alcoholic fatty liver in rats. In this experimental study, thirty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n=6). Animals in experimental groups were received high fructose diet (70 %) (HDF) daily alone or in combined with daily intraperitoneal injection of 500, 700 and 1000 mg/kg extract of T. terrestris. Control group of rats was feed with standard chow. The serum levels of biomarkers of liver and serum lipid profiles were assessed, also histopathological examination of liver tissue done. Data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA method followed by Tukey's post-hoc multiple comparison test and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. There were significant improvements for biomarkers of liver tissue (P<0.05) and serum lipid profiles (P<0.01) in the HFD-fed rats that were treated with T. terrestris extract compare to HFD-fed group. In addition, accumulation of lipids in hepatocytes was significantly reduced in the HFD-fed + extract administrated groups in comparison to HFD-fed rats (P<0.01). T. terrestris extract has protective effects against non-alcoholic fatty liver by changing biomarkers of liver tissue, serum lipid profiles and histopathological anomalies of liver tissue, to normal range.

El hígado graso no alcohólico induce muchas complicaciones al tejido hepático y también en ciertos parámetros relacionados con el suero. Las plantas medicinales son la estrategia terapéutica segura para el tratamiento de enfermedades. En este sentido, el presente estudio se realizó para evaluar el efecto del extracto de Tribulus terrestris (T. terrestris) sobre el hígado graso no alcohólico en ratas. En este estudio experimental se dividieron 30 ratas macho Wistar en cinco grupos (n = 6). Los animales de los grupos experimentales recibieron dietas altas en fructosa (70 %) (HDF) al día o en combinación con inyección intraperitoneal diaria de 500, 700 y 1000 mg / kg de extracto de T. terrestris. El grupo control de ratas fue alimentado con alimento estándar. Se evaluaron los niveles séricos de biomarcadores hepáticos y perfiles de lípidos séricos, así como un examen histopatológico del tejido hepático. Los datos se analizaron utilizando el método ANOVA de una vía seguido de la prueba de comparación múltiple post-hoc de Tukey y el P<0,05 se consideró estadísticamente significativo. Hubo mejoras significativas en los biomarcadores del tejido hepático (P <0,05) y en los perfiles de lípidos séricos (P <0,01) en las ratas alimentadas con HFD que se trataron con extrato de T. terrestris comparado con el grupo alimentado con HFD. Además, la acumulación de lípidos en los hepatocitos se redujo significativamente en los grupos alimentados con HFD + extracto, en comparación con las ratas alimentadas con HFD (P <0,01). El extracto de T. terrestris tiene efectos protectores sobre el hígado graso no alcohólico, provocando modificaciones en los marcadores biológicos del tejido hepático, los perfiles lipídicos del suero y las anomalías histopatológicas del tejido hepático, hasta un rango normal.

Investigação do efeito do declínio reprodutivo e da suplementação com Tribulus terrestris L. no comportamento de camundongos suíços submetidos ao teste do nado forçado / Investigation of the effect of reproductive decline and supplementation with Tribulus terrestris L. on the behavior of Swiss mice submitted to the forced swimming test

Introdução: a redução dos esteroides sexuais ocasionada pelo hipogonadismo se associa a depressão. Tratamentos alternativos com plantas medicinais como o extrato do Tribulus terrestris (TT) tem sido frequentemente usado por pessoas nesta condição. Objetivo: este estudo teve por objetivo investigar a influência do declínio de testosterona, da suplementação com TT e propionato de testosterona no comportamento de animais. Método: foram utilizados 40 camundongos da linhagem Swiss, machos, divididos em quatro grupos. Os grupos controle e castrado receberam veículo aquoso; o grupo TT recebeu 10 mg/kg do extrato da planta e o grupo propionato de testosterona foi tratado com 20 mg/kg deste fármaco. A avaliação comportamental foi feita pelo teste do nado forçado. Após trinta dias de tratamento, foi coletado sangue para dosagem de testosterona livre. Resultado e Discussão: os resultados evidenciaram efeito antidepressivo significativo nos animais castrados e suplementados com propionato de testosterona. Houve também significância no efeito depressivo nos animais tratados com TT; redução significativa na concentração de testosterona nos animais castrados e aumento significativo nos animais do grupo TT e propionato de testosterona. Conclusão: conclui-se que a castração, suplementação com TT e propionato de testosterona apresentaram suposta capacidade de alterar o comportamento e modificar as concentrações sérias de testosterona.

Introcution: the reduction of sexual steroids caused by hypogonadism is associated with depression. Alternative treatments with medicinal plants like Tribulus terrestris (TT) extract have often been used by people in this condition. Objective: this study aimed to investigate the influence of testosterone decline, supplementation with TT and testosterone propionate on animal behavior. Method: fourty Swiss male mice were divided into four groups. The control and castrated groups received aqueous vehicle; the TT group received 10 mg / kg of the plant extract and the testosterone propionate group was treated with 20 mg / kg of this drug. Behavioral assessment was performed by the forced swim test. After 30 days of treatment, blood was collected for free testosterone dosing. Results and Discussion: the results showed a significant antidepressant effect in castrated animals supplemented with testosterone propionate. There was also significance in the depressive effect in animals treated with TT; significant reduction in the concentration of testosterone in castrated animals and a significant increase in the animals of the TT group and testosterone propionate. Conclusion: it was concluded that castration, supplementation with TT and testosterone propionate presented a supposed capacity to alter the behavior and modify serum concentrations of testosterone.

Study of the Biological Activities Preparation with Tribulus Terrestris l. on Free Serum Testosterone Changes in Male Rats / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

Wistar nonlinear rats weighing 170-220g. Rats were divided 5 groups, including control group, group-1, group-2, group -3 and reference group. Dried thistle extract and raw bovine testicle were contained by 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 ratio. Each 0.1g ratio was dissolved in 20 ml distilled water and administered 2 times per day. Blood sampling was done for each rat after 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days. Their testosterone level was measured by ELISA Kit. Results: The results indicated that free serum testosterone level in male rats increase and decrease in 7 days frequency. All tested groups showed gradual increase in the level of free serum testosterone when compared to that of corresponding control (p<0.05). Statistical comparison of all groups revealed that the maximum level was found in group 1. Moreover, group 3 was showed gradually increase in level of free serum testosterone, irrelative with period of decrease testosterone level. Conclusion: According to our results and previous study, it is suggested that preparation with Tribulus terrestris L. extract could be used in the androgen deficiency and erectile dysfunctions. Keywords: Tribulus Terrestris L, Free testosterone, Dihydrotestosterone, Protodioscin

Determination of the Contents of Gastrodin, 4-Hydroxybenzyl Alcohol and Gastrodia Polysaccharides in Different Processed Products of Gastrodia elata Bl. f. glauca S. Chow / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the qualities of different processed products of Gastrodia elata Bl. f. glauca S. Chow, such as steamed, wine-processed, ginger-processed and tribulus-processed products, and determine the optimum processing method of Gastrodia elata. METHODS: HPLC was employed to determine gastrodin and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, and phenol-sulfuric acid method was used to detect the content of gastrodia polysaccharide. RESULTS: Gastrodin and gastrodia polysaccharides had the highest contents(1.901 and 3.246 mg·g-1, respectively) in the tribulus-processed products; and the highest content of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol in ginger-processed Gastrodia elata was 0.80 mg·g-1; gastrodin in two kinds of wine-processed products was lower than the others, while the content of gastrodia polysaccharide in Gastrodia elata processed by wine-soaking for three days was obviously less than those in the other products. CONCLUSION: The traditional tribulus-processed method is better than the modern steaming method. This study can provide scientific basis for the mechanism of traditional processing method of Gastrodia elata.

Pharmacodynamic and pharmacological effect of Tribulus terrestris on kidney of rats with obesity-related hypertension through leptin mediated JAK2/STAT3 pathway / 中草药

Objective: To observe the effect and explore the mechanism of Tribulus terrestris (TT) on kidney of rats with obesity-related hypertension through leptin mediated JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Methods: To establish the model of rats with obesity-related hypertension by high-fat diet. The model rats were randomly divided into three groups: TT group (eight rats, 17.2 g/kg), Telmisartan group (eight rats, 3.4 mg/kg), and model group (eight rats, normal saline 2 mL/d). Rats were ig given drugs or saline for 12 weeks. The body weights and blood pressure were measured regularly. At the end of the study, the rats were sacrificed and the levels of serum lipid and angiotensinII (AngII) and β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) were determined by ELISA. Morphological changes of adipose tissue and kidney were observed by HE staining. The density of LepR in kidney was observed by immunohistochemical staining. Levels of mRNA and protein expression of JAK2 and STAT3 in kidney were determined by quantitive real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting. Results: Both body weights and blood pressure of TT group were decreased (P < 0.05). The levels of serum TG, TC, and LDL-C of TT group were decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Kidney morphology of TT group was improved obviously and the size of lipocyte decreased. The levels of serum Ang II, Lep, and β2-MG of TT group decreased significantly (P < 0.05). The density of LepR in kidney of TT group decreased significantly (P < 0.05). The mRNA and protein expression of JAK2 and STAT3 in kidney of TT group was decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Conclusion: TT improves the leptin resistance of the obesity-related hypertensive rats mainly through JAK2/STAT3 pathway.